SEED germination is the begining of life cycle for many crops. Snitable methods of SEED selection and production have great effects on the yield. In this study, a field work was preceded hy a laboratory experiment in order to evaluate the SEED vigour in seven sorghum lines. The field experiment was a RCBD with three replications and was carried out in 1998, Karaj, Iran. Each experimental plot was 2.6x7m with four rows (65 cm between the rows). After SEEDling emergence, the germination percentage was recorded. When the SEEDlings were at 4-6 leaves thinning was done to reduce the space between them to 6cm in a row and other necessary practices were carried out on time until the SEEDs were fully matured. Samples were taken from all the seven sorghum lines and in the laboratory, using RCBD design, standard Germination Test (G), Cold Test (CT), Accelerated Ageing Test (AA), Electrical Conductivity Test (EC) with four replications were implemented on the samples. The results indicated that the sorghum lines KFS1, KFS2 and KFS4 are significantly different in SEED vigours, percentage of field emergence and also the fresh and dry matter yields of forage.

Understanding variation in SW (SEED weigh) is of major importance in understanding SY (SEED yield) variation. The objective of this study was to determine factors such as SN (SEED number) per unit area, SFD (SEED filling duRATIOn) and SFR (SEED filling rate) and temperature, LAI (leaf area index), LAD (leaf area duRATIOn), above-ground dry matter, CGR (crop growth rate), leaf dry matter remobilization and efficiency and SSR (source-sink RATIO) around SFP (SEED filling period), affecting SW in canola (Brassica napus L.). The experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station of Gonbad, Iran, during 2005-7. Two cultivars of spring type canola (Hyola401 and RGS003) as subplots were grown at 5 sowing dates (SDs) as main plots, spaced approximately 30 days apart, to obtain a wide range of environmental conditions during SFP. The experiment was arranged in two conditions, i.e. supplemental irrigation (SI) and rainfed (RF). SW was influenced by the growing season rainfall and temperature. The availability of the crop to produce and to remobilize photosynthetic assimilates to developing SEEDs was a good determinant factor for SW. SW increased with increase in LAI, above-ground dry matter production and remobilization and SSR around SFP, leading to an increased SY, suggested that SW primarily depends on the resource availability. The relationships of SW with SFR and SFD and above-ground dry matter, LAI, leaf dry matter remobilization and efficiency and SSR around SFP, over environmental conditions, sowing dates and cultivars, showed these variables to be generally applicable in canola SW determination.

In this study, chemical compositions of black SEED meals samples were determined. 18 male weaning Zandi lambs with an average body weight of 23.5 ±1.5 kg were used in a completely randomized design in three groups of six in individual pens. Experimental treatments were: 1) control (basal diet with 12% soybean meal and without black SEED meal), 2) diet containing 6% soybean meal and 9% black SEED meal and 3) diet containing 18% black SEED meal and without soybean meal. The concentRATIOn of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, NDF, ADF, ADIN, and crude ash of black SEED meal samples were 97.53±0.58, 31.26±0.99, 15.16 ± 0.61, 25.95 ± 1.34, 14.2±0.80, 0.69±0.04 and 5.07 ± 0.24, respectively. Replacement of soybean meal with black SEED meal in the diet of experimental lambs had no effect on final body weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion RATIO, dry matter intake, dressing percentage, tail and total body fat deposition. Albumin and total protein were higher for lambs fed by diet containing 18 % black SEED meal compared to other treatments (P <0.05). However, the concentRATIOn of blood triglyceride, cholesterol and urea nitrogen were not differed between experimental groups. The digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude fat and protein were not affect by feeding of experimental diets. It seems that black SEED meal can be used in the diet of fattening lambs up to 18% without adverse effect on performance and nutrients digestibility of growing lambs.

SEED is one of the most important agricultural inputs, which plays a key role in achieving optimal yield and quality of the product. Ever since mankind realized the role of the suitable SEED in economic profit and food security, it has always made breeding efforts to provide cultivars with desired genetic characteristics. For the maximum effectiveness of other production inputs such as water, fertilizer and pesticides, access and use of new high-yielding and compatible cultivars is a necessity. In the present study, using the metafrontier frontier function, the technological gap RATIO of certified SEED of Hashemi rice variety was analyzed. The information of 531 farmers was used for the research. This information was obtained in 2018 using the cluster sampling method according to the size of the population. In this study, data envelopment analysis (DEA) model was used to estimate the technical efficiency relative to the group frontier, and the metafrontier method was used to estimate the technological gap RATIO (TGR). The results of the frontier production function estimation showed that the technical efficiency for farmers who used certified SEEDs is 0.88 and for farmers who did not use certified SEEDs is 0.82. It means that these producers with a certain amount of inputs averagely produce about 88 percent and 82 percent of product respectively, which using the available input and the type of SEED could be produced. The technical efficiency compared to the metafrontier production function was 0.82 in the group that used the certified SEEDs and 0.72 in the group that did not use this type of SEED. The technological gap RATIO for the above two groups was 0.93 and 0.86 respectively. In other words, farmers who used certified SEEDs had better technical performance and had a higher technological gap RATIO. This is a promising point for policymakers in the agricultural sector that by promoting the use of certified SEEDs and taking necessary measures to encourage farmers to use this type of SEED, the level of production can be improved.

Introduction: Clinical use of the late responses during routine neurophysiological examination has significantly increased the diagnostic yield of the neurophysiological evaluation. The H max to M max RATIO (H/M RATIO) is considered a suitable index for illustrating the level of reflex excitability of the motor pool.Methods: In this study posterior tibial nerve H/M RATIO changes in cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) evaluated. This investigation was carried out in 22 normal subjects aged 40-65 years with mean 52 years, and in 40 patients with CVA aged 42-63 years with mean 57 years.Results: In normal subjects no significant differences were found between the mean values observed between right and left sides. In patients significant increased H/M RATIOs in both sides with more in non-plegic leg (P<0.01) were found. The facilitation of Babinsky sign in patients is significantly associated with low H/M RATIOs (P=0.003). The H/M RATIO changes were not significantly associated with severity of hemiplegia (P=0.3 for lower extremities, P=0.9 for upper extremities). The H/M RATIO was increased in ischemic lesions (P<0.01), but in intracerebral hemorrhages the soleus H/M RATIO increases in non-plegic side the same as the plegic side.Conclusion: The posterior tibial nerve H/M RATIOs are increased in CVA bilaterally due to decreased presynaptic inhibition Ia terminals, thus amplitude of H reflexes increased without increased amplitude of M response.

The method of selection of the study design decides the type of analysis 10 be used. Case-Control studies assess the causes of a particular outcome, comparing a group of individuals who have experienced the outcome under study with a group who have net.Results appear as a two by two table. As these two groups are sampled separately, the rate of the disease in the exposed or unexposed groups can not be calculated. However, the Odds RATIO can be obtained. The Odds RATIO is sometimes referred to as the cross product RATIO.                        Cases                            Controls Exposed            a                                  b Unexposed         c                                  d Odds RATIO (a/b)I (c/d) = ad/bc

Basil SEED with mucilage shell contains carbohydrates (BSG) which can be extracted to produce natural hydrogel compatible with the human body. In this study, a magnetic natural hydrogel was synthesized by copolymerization between the double bonds of vinyl-modified Fe3O4/SiO2 nanoparticles, methacrylic acid (MA) as a monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a crosslinker monomer, and vinylated BSG through free radical addition polymerization for delivery of naproxen (NPX) as a model drug. The product of each reaction step was identified by FTIR technique and the morphology of nanoparticles and magnetic nano-hydrogels was investigated using the SEM technique. SEM image analysis of dry magnetic hydrogels shows the existence of a porous structure with pore size in the range of 100–, 300 nm. The porosity of the hydrogels used in drug delivery systems can be useful in producing a large surface area, enhancing water absorption, and facilitating drug release. The swelling behavior of nano-hydrogels, a significant feature for drug delivery systems, was investigated at different pHs in buffer solutions. Also, drug loading and delivery experiments were performed by monitoring the concentRATIOn of loaded and released NPX by absorption at 245 nm on a UV–, Vis spectrophotometer. The cumulative release behavior of hydrogels was investigated and the in vitro NPX release was achieved in the range of 98% at pH 7. 4 after 24 h.

This study was to determine the density and the RATIO of maternal to paternal lines, paterntal lines of corn SEED production as a split plot design in randomized complete block with four replications in the 1388 farm SEED production agro-industry company martyr Beheshti province implemented respectively. Density (60, 70, 80 and 90 thousand plants per hectare) as the main factor and planting pattern of maternal and paternal lines and 6: 2 to 4: 2 in the sub-plots were considered. Analysis of variance showed density only single grain weight and cob weight per square meter and had no significant effect on the rest of the other characters did not work. Rated mean values of these two traits showed only a single grain density to reach 90 thousand plants, but finds a significant decrease in cob weight from 60 thousand to 80 thousand plants did not change significantly and only with a density reaching 90 thousand plant finds a significant increase. Analysis of variance showed that maternal lines than to paternal of only single plant biomass have significant effects on other traits and the other has no effect. The interaction between these two factors, but only had influence on grain weight. So much so that the RATIO of 4 lines of maternal density increased SEED weight continuously decreased while the RATIO of 6 line maternal density increased to 80 thousand per plant, SEED weight increase, but increasing it to 90 thousand per plant, SEED weight decrease.